Controlling The Borders Of The United States And Mexico

Controlling the borders of the United States and Mexico has always been a dilemma that seeks attention and needs a new, innovative way to reduce the amount of immigrants crossing the border illegally. Many attempts have been made by current presidents as well as previous presidents who have had different views from each other and are still unable to solve the hurdles of controlling the border. Mai Ngai makes the struggle known by stating that the previous attempted laws that have been put in place to solve the problem will end in another failure. She calls them inhumane and hopes to give immigrants a chance for citizenship. Although I Agree with Mae Ngai’s Idea of putting in a system that stresses the principles of flexibility and fairness, however I see faults in her view point of welcoming immigrants to the country to work. On the other hand I do not think that all immigration should be cut off entirely, as that may cause negative effects on the America’s economy. Mai Ngai mentions that the United States’ One-size-fits all† rule favors northern and western European immigration and is a restriction on densely populated countries like Mexico. If this law were to allow a higher percentage of immigrants to be documented and allowed in the United States, then negative effects would ensue in places near the border like Texas. When the population increases rapidly it will be harder for police enforcement and may cause an increase in pollution and poverty. This is something UTAShow MoreRelatedBuilding A Wall Will Not Solve The Illegal Immigrant Problem From Mexico1466 Words   |  6 Pagesthe illegal immigrant problem from Mexico. Just getting the rights to build the wall along with the cost of building the wall will present many challenges. The talks between Mexico and the United States about the wall have already begun to create a separation between the two countries. The astronomical cost of the wall is another reason why Building a wa ll will help solve many problems like illegal immigrants, drugs, guns, etc. And it will protect the United States from any the peril, and it has theRead MoreMilitarization of the U.S. Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesMilitarization of the U.S. Militarization of the U.S. -- Mexico Border By Joan J. Jaimes June 22, 2000  ¡Corranle, allà ­ viene la migra!, translated into English, this means Run, there comes immigration! This is what illegal immigrants shout everyday when they are about to cross the Rio Grande in search for better lives. Unfortunately, not many get through alive because of the militarization that has developed on the U.S. border with Mexico. Operation Rio Grande continues a process put in motionRead MoreRelationship Between Mexico And Mexico1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe relationship of the United States and Mexico goes back centuries and the importance of this relationship has gained more attention over the last decade. This relationship has gained attention due to the enormous amount of problems Mexico is having economically and socially. Specifically, the relationship with Mexico is important to the safety of our nation and U.S. self-interest because of the issues with drug trafficking, gang violence, a nd immigration. These influences on our country are vitalRead MoreEssay about The Issue of Illegal Immigrants from Mexico853 Words   |  4 PagesImmigrants from Mexico One of the most controversial political issues of today is that of illegal immigrants from Mexico. Illegal immigration into the United States is a problem that should be stopped, as it is unfair to both Americans and to the people of the country from which they illegal immigrated. It is that the majority of illegal aliens residing in the United States are Mexicans. Roy Beck clarifies the situation by stating, The national consensus is that the United States should be aRead MoreCritique Of Mike Detty s Guns Across The Border1286 Words   |  6 PagesMike Detty’s Guns Across the Border: How and Why the U.S. Government Smuggled Guns into Mexico Do you believe the United States of America is capable of smuggling guns into a foreign country? In the novel â€Å"Guns Across the Border: How and Why the U.S. Government Smuggled Guns into Mexico†, written by Mike Detty, will explain the U.S. problems with smuggling guns outside the borders. â€Å"Guns Across the Border: How and Why the U.S. Government Smuggled Guns into Mexico† is based off the notes and experiencesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Living On The Border Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesits most basic definition, the U.S.-Mexico Border is a 2000-mile line that divides the United States and Mexico. However, those who spend their lives experiencing the concept of â€Å"the border,† acknowledge that the U.S.-Mexico Border is more than just a line. It’s an epicenter of; historical, political, social, economic, and cultural affairs that influence people on both countries. In this essay, I will be discussing the endogeneity effect between t he border and its people and how I influence thisRead MoreImmigration Problem Of Illegal Immigration1530 Words   |  7 Pagesthough. America must fix the major problem of illegal immigration before it becomes too out of hand. The existing American immigration policies fail at regulating immigration from the Mexican border due to the large amount of immigrants in America, that Mexicans think they can and still come over the border illegally, and that policy measures are not being enacted to fix the immigration problems. Illegal immigration has become a very important and difficult problem that America must mend. IllegalRead MoreIllegal Immigration1356 Words   |  6 Pagesrefuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!† Our country embraces diversity, yet one of the most controversial and debated topics in the United States is immigration. The founders of the United States were immigrants themselves, heroes that believed in equality and acceptance for all people. Immigration has and will always be a vital part of our nation’s diversity, economic stability, and rich culture. Although, in aRead MoreCounterfeit Merchandise Impact The U.s. Economy900 Words   |  4 Pageschange rules or technology to protect businesses and citizens from criminal activity on the internet. 3) Explain the concept of Smart Borders. The Smart Border concept use technology to assist the Border agents to perform their jobs by also looking at external borders. The agreements were established with the U.S and Canada in 2001 and eventually with Mexico the following year. The countries use preclearance processes and looking closer at third party national. They focus more on the low threatsRead MoreThe Issue Of Illegal Immigration1623 Words   |  7 PagesThe primary question that is asked is, â€Å"How will you deport and limit the number of illegal immigrants in the United States?† This question got me thinking, If I were in their position what would I say in response? The following essay will illustrate the ideas on illegal immigration. Facts Immigration has always been a problem ever since we put a border between the United States and Mexico. In the beginning it really was not as big of an issue that it is today. Today more that 11.3 million unauthorized

How Placebo And Reachability Bias Effect Cognition

How Placebo and Reachability Bias Effect Cognition Jennifer D. Byrd Wake Technical Community College Abstract The purpose of this paper is to identify and compare how placebo’s and reachable bias effect our cognition as a whole. Two journal articles found on the (internet) have been chosen. One being Draganich and Erdal’s (2014) experiment telling the participants how many hours they spent in REM sleep and then testing their cognition. The second one by Bar-Hillel, Peer, and Acquisti (2014) involving a coin toss and the bias of the first choice participants hear. These experiments however different, give us some insight on cognition and the mysteries of how we learn. How Placebo and Reachability Effects Cognition Introduction Cognition is a person’s ability to think, learn, and attain knowledge or information (Cherry, What Is Cognition?). In fact, you are doing it right now as you read this paper. Some papers, books, lessons, etc. are easier to understand and retain than others. Ulric Nessar has been known as the â€Å"father of cognitive psychology† since 1967 when his researched was made public on such topics as perception, problem solving, and remembering (Hyman, Remembering the Father of Cognitive Psychology). However, in my opinion the start of cognition began much earlier with Greek philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates (History of Philosophy). They started schools and groups devoted to thinking and talking about life and other

The Crucial Decade and After America 1945-1960 free essay sample

A book review on Goldmans work about the transformation of the post-World War II peace into the globalization of the Cold War. The paper sets out to prove that, while Eric Goldman is valuable as a source of details about the era, his work holds little value as an historical piece of work. It traces the life of Goldman and his writing of the work. It criticizes the lack of objectivity in the work and explains the reasons for this lack. It looks at the disparity in writing style of the work and concludes by evaluating the works value as a whole. As far as the relevancy to his subject matter, it is difficult to find fault in Goldmans work. He does not wander from the topic and his work is very focused. His intent was to give an overview of the events that shaped the cold War. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucial Decade and After: America 1945-1960 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He has access to many first person accounts of conversations and letters written at the time, which other historians could only dream about. He knows little know facts and stories, some of which he witnessed with his own eyes. His coverage of the topic is thorough and complete.

White Elephants Essay Example For Students

White Elephants Essay The short story Hills like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway is comparable to The Secret Life of Walter Mitty by James Thurber. Both authors use a wide array of techniques in order to develop the complicated relationship between the characters in the story. In The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Thurber talks about a character, Mitty, that attempts to escape from his controlling, manipulative, and annoying wife by daydreaming. Conversely, in Hills Like White Elephants Hemingway discusses the relationship of an unacquainted, peculiar, and alcoholic couple that faces a tough decision on abortion, but keep finding distraction in order to run away from the decision. In essence, Thurber and Hemingway discuss the same concepts of relationship difficulties; and in order to develop these ideas they use strong visual imagery, powerful diction, pathos, and outstanding symbols that describe the story better than explicit description. Ultimately, it has the effect of creating ambiguity and therefore, engaging the reader into the story. We will write a custom essay on White Elephants specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Both Hemingway and Thurber start their short story without any context, rather with a strong display of visual imagery, responsible for giving a hidden summary. For instance, in Hills Like White Elephants it is possible to deduce that Hemingway attempted to make the setting a summary of the story itself. Particularly, when Hemingway communicates that the characters are located in between two lines of rails in the sun (Hemingway 170). Hemingway illustrates the characters dilemma of having two options through the image of the two lines of rails. Finally, the sun is mentioned, creating an image of a place that is hot and therefore hard to concentrate as will happen during the characters argument. Similarly, in The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, Thurber makes the effective decision of introducing Mitty as having a thin ice breaking, voice and wearing a full- dress uniform with heavily braided white cap pulled down rakishly (Thurber 545). The emphasis on the description of Mitty during his daydream is vital because it creates an image that both serves to show what he aspires to be, as well as presents foreshadowing for Mittys constant dreams with his authoritative self. On the whole, the usage of visual imagery ends up smoothly and indirectly giving a summary of the story. Later, as the story progresses the authors start to use other techniques in order to show the type of relationship that exists between the characters. In order to portray the troublesome relationships between the characters in the stories the authors use powerful hostile diction during their conversations. In Hills Like White Elephants, it is possible to note the harsh tone among characters when the man says, Just because you say I wouldnt have doesnt prove anything (Hemingway 171). The diction of the phrase, doesnt prove anything is the strongest example of diction because in that moment it becomes clear the mans distrust for the woman, and the bases for their dysfunctional relationship. Nevertheless, in The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Thurber uses the same techniques, like when Mitty says that his own wife seemed grossly unfamiliar (Thurber 545). The unsympathetic words grossly unfamiliar serve the effect of showing Mittys disproval of his wifes actions and attitude towards him. Hence, it becomes possible to affirm that both of the authors use subtle words in the characters conversation, allowing readers to get to the sense that the characters have a wearisome relationship. The authors also use those carefully placed words in order to show how persuasive the other characters can be. In both of the short stories the authors use, negative connotation and pathos in the dialogues between characters in order to better transmit the idea that persuasion can often lead to problems among people. In Hills Like White Elephants the man tries to persuade the girl that if she has the abortion, than it will be perfectly natural (Hemingway 171). The connotation of the word natural in the sentence suggests he will not have any connection to her, that he will be able to move on. This is his motivation, and why girl is so terrified about having it. Additionally, in The Secret Life of Walter Mitty when Mittys wife says, You re not a young man any longer(Thurber 545). The connotation of the word younger functions to state that Mitty is no longer a vigorous man; he has lost his manhood. .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164 , .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164 .postImageUrl , .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164 , .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164:hover , .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164:visited , .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164:active { border:0!important; } .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164:active , .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164 .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77a090cc009f43a506d801494ed04164:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Literary Analysis of Masque of the Red Death EssayThe authors use pathos and diction, as a way of showing how Mittys wife and the man persuade the others of something they believe is morally correct. Lastly, the authors choice of diction has the effect of emphasizing the aggressive tone during the persuasion and appealing to the characters emotions. The use of negative connotation will justify the characters attitudes later on, of trying to avoid their problems. Both authors use cautiously placed symbols in order to show the characters avoiding their problems. In the story Hills Like White Elephants the characters find themselves in the midst of a discussion related to abortion. However, they are not able to come to an agreement because the train arrives, and they are forced to up the two bags and them around the station (Hemingway 173). That moment highlights clearly that the two bags become a symbol for the decision because even though they have been saved from making the decision they are still forced to have their baggage with them. Likewise, in The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Mitty sees himself the firing squad; erect and motionless, proud and disdainful(Thurber 550). This description reveals that Thurber used the firing squad as a symbol for the solution of Mittys problems, which would be death, even if it is only a psychological one. Therefore, it becomes clear through the well-placed symbols, of bags and firing squad that the characters problems need to be faced. Both Thurber and Hemingway effectively use strong visual imagery, powerful diction, pathos, and outstanding symbols to transmit their ideas, about, for example, that if avoided problems will always haunt people and in particular, troublesome relationships. Ultimately, the main reason for the success of both Hemingway and Thurber was the fact that they were showing the stories rather than just telling it. This, technique allow the story to be more intriguing and engaging since it creates ambiguity and therefore leave room for different interpretations of the works. Ambiguity is important because it permits the reader to draw several different conclusions from the same excerpt and at the same time the author to communicate several different themes.

Free Essays on Networking

Voice over Internet Protocol(VoIP) By: Michael Johnson VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL (VoIP) INTRODUCTION: In the eyes of most, all packets are created equal. One of the most active areas of telecommunications today is in the area of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). The logic behind this trend makes perfect sense. If we have invested heavily in an Internet Protocol (IP) network, why can’t we make full use of it? This is a question posed by many managers and Information Technology (IT) professionals in a wide range of businesses. Many businesses would prefer to have one network in and out of their business for reasons ranging from cost effectiveness to manageability. IP telephony offers a promise of consolidation. This will allow an enterprise to converge its traditional phone system and newer data network for greater efficiency. Arieh Dranger, president of neXTel Systems LLC says, â€Å"I don’t think it’s a question of whether we need VoIP, but when it will come together, because it represents a natural progress o f integrating data- period. The IP protocol is probably the most efficient at combining a universal communications network.† Basically, IP telephony is taking the telecom world by storm. It has evolved from a little known and used application in 1995 to an application that is poised for global adoption. But as with all technology, there is a price to be paid, and several entities vying for a piece of the pie. WHAT IS VoIP and HOW DOES IT WORK? To put it simply, VoIP means Voice over Internet Protocol. It’s a technology that allows network managers to route phone call over the network they use for data transmission. A voice travels over a corporate Intranet or the Internet instead of the public telephone system. Special gateways installed at both the sending and receiving end of a communications channel converts voice to IP packets and back again to voice. This process must take place in a time frame of less than... Free Essays on Networking Free Essays on Networking Voice over Internet Protocol(VoIP) By: Michael Johnson VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL (VoIP) INTRODUCTION: In the eyes of most, all packets are created equal. One of the most active areas of telecommunications today is in the area of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). The logic behind this trend makes perfect sense. If we have invested heavily in an Internet Protocol (IP) network, why can’t we make full use of it? This is a question posed by many managers and Information Technology (IT) professionals in a wide range of businesses. Many businesses would prefer to have one network in and out of their business for reasons ranging from cost effectiveness to manageability. IP telephony offers a promise of consolidation. This will allow an enterprise to converge its traditional phone system and newer data network for greater efficiency. Arieh Dranger, president of neXTel Systems LLC says, â€Å"I don’t think it’s a question of whether we need VoIP, but when it will come together, because it represents a natural progress o f integrating data- period. The IP protocol is probably the most efficient at combining a universal communications network.† Basically, IP telephony is taking the telecom world by storm. It has evolved from a little known and used application in 1995 to an application that is poised for global adoption. But as with all technology, there is a price to be paid, and several entities vying for a piece of the pie. WHAT IS VoIP and HOW DOES IT WORK? To put it simply, VoIP means Voice over Internet Protocol. It’s a technology that allows network managers to route phone call over the network they use for data transmission. A voice travels over a corporate Intranet or the Internet instead of the public telephone system. Special gateways installed at both the sending and receiving end of a communications channel converts voice to IP packets and back again to voice. This process must take place in a time frame of less than...

Learning About German Dialects

Learning About German Dialects Youre not always going to hear  Hochdeutsch German-learners who step off the plane in Austria, Germany, or Switzerland for the first time are in for a shock if they know nothing about  German dialects. Although standard German (Hochdeutsch) is widespread and commonly used in typical business or tourist situations, there always comes a time when you suddenly cant understand a word, even if your German is pretty good. When that happens, it usually means you have encountered one of the many dialects of German. (Estimates on the number of German dialects vary, but range from about 50 to 250. The large discrepancy has to do with the difficulty in defining the term dialect.) This is a perfectly understandable phenomenon if you realize that in the early middle ages in what is now the German-speaking part of Europe there existed ONLY the many different dialects of the various Germanic tribes. There was no common German language until much later. In fact, the first common language, Latin, was introduced by the Roman incursions into the Germanic region, and one can see the result in German words like  Kaiser  (emperor, from Caesar) and  Student. This linguistic patchwork also has a political parallel: there was no country known as Germany until 1871, much later than most of the other European nation-states. However, the German-speaking part of Europe does not always coincide with current political borders. In parts of eastern France in the region known as Elsace-Lorraine (Elsaß) a German dialect known as Alsatian (Elsssisch) is still spoken today. Linguists divide the variations of German and other languages into three main categories:Dialekt/Mundart  (dialect),  Umgangssprache  (idiomatic language, local usage), and Hochsprache/Hochdeutsch  (standard German). But even linguists disagree about the precise borderlines between each category. Dialects exist almost exclusively in spoken form (despite transliteration for research and cultural reasons), making it difficult to pin down where one dialect ends and another begins. The Germanic word for dialect,  Mundart,  emphasizes the word of mouth quality of a dialect (Mund   mouth). Linguists may disagree on a precise definition of just what a dialect is, but anyone who has heard the  Plattdeutsch  spoken in the north or the  Bairisch  spoken in the south knows what a dialect is. Anyone who has spent more than a day in German Switzerland knows that the spoken language,Schwyzerdytsch,  is quite different from the  Hochdeutsch  seen in Swiss newspapers such as the  Neue Zà ¼rcher Zeitung  . All educated speakers of German learn  Hochdeutsch  or standard German. That standard German may come in various flavors or accents (which is not the same thing as a dialect).  Austrian German, Swiss (standard) German, or the  Hochdeutsch  heard in Hamburg versus that heard in Munich may have a slightly different sound, but everyone can understand each other. Newspapers, books, and other publications from Hamburg to Vienna all display the same language, despite minor regional variations. (There are fewer differences than those between British and American English.) One way to define dialects is to compare which words are used for the same thing. For example, the common word for mosquito in German may take any of the following forms in various German dialects/regions:  Gelse, Moskito, Mugge, Mà ¼cke, Schnake, Staunze.  Not only that, but the same word may take on a different meaning, depending on where you are.  Eine (Stech-) Mà ¼cke  in northern Germany is a mosquito. In parts of Austria the same word refers to a gnat or house fly, while  Gelsen  are mosquitos. In fact, there is no one universal term for some German words. A jelly-filled doughnut is called by three different German names, not counting other dialectical variations.Berliner, Krapfen  and  Pfannkuchen  all mean doughnut. But a  Pfannkuchen  in southern Germany is a pancake or crepe. In Berlin the same word refers to a doughnut, while in Hamburg a doughnut is a  Berliner. In the next part of this feature, well look more closely at the six major German dialect branches that extend from the German-Danish border south to Switzerland and  Austria, including a German dialect map. Youll also find some interesting related links for German dialects. German Dialects If you spend any time in almost any part of the German  Sprachraum  (language area) you will come into contact with a local dialect or idiom. In some cases, knowing the local form of German can be a matter of survival, while in others its more a matter of colorful fun. Below we briefly outline the six major German dialect branches-running generally from north to south. All are subdivided into more variations within each branch. Friesisch (Frisian) Frisian is spoken in the north of Germany along the North Sea coast. North Frisian is located just south of the border with Denmark. West Frisian extends into modern Holland, while East Frisian is spoken north of Bremen along the coast and, logically enough in the North and East Frisian islands just off the coast. Niederdeutsch (Low German/Plattdeutsch) Low German (also called Netherlandic or Plattdeutsch) gets its name from the geographic fact that the land is low (nether,  nieder; flat,  platt). It extends from the Dutch border eastward to the former German territories of Eastern Pommerania and East Prussia. It is divided into many variations including: Northern Lower Saxon, Westphalian, Eastphalian, Brandenburgian, East Pommeranian, Mecklenburgian, etc. This dialect often more closely resembles English (to which it is related) than standard German. Mitteldeutsch (Middle German) The Middle German region stretches across Germanys middle from Luxembourg (where the Letztebuergisch sub-dialect of  Mitteldeutsch  is spoken) eastward into present-day Poland and the region of Silesia (Schlesien). There are too many sub-dialects to list here, but the main division is between West Middle German and East Middle German. Frnkisch (Frankish) The East Frankish dialect is spoken along Germanys Main river pretty much in Germanys very center. Forms such as South Frankish and Rhine Frankish extend northwesterly towards the Moselle river. Alemannisch (Alemannic) Spoken in Switzerland north along the Rhine, extending farther north from Basel to Freiburg and almost to the city of Karlsruhe in Germany, this dialect is divided into Alsatian (west along the Rhine in todays France), Swabian, Low and High Alemannic. The Swiss form of Alemannic has become an important standard spoken language in that country, in addition to  Hochdeutsch, but it is also divided into two main forms (Bern and Zurich). Bairisch-Ãâ€"sterreichisch (Bavarian-Austrian) Because the Bavarian-Austrian region was more unified politically-for over a thousand years-it is also more linguistically uniform than the German north. There are some subdivisions (South, Middle, and North Bavarian, Tyrolian, Salzburgian), but the differences are not very significant.   Note: The word  Bairisch  refers to the language, while the adjective  bayrisch  or  bayerisch  refers to  Bayern  (Bavaria) the place, as in  der Bayerische Wald, the Bavarian Forest.

Strategic Operations Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Operations Management - Assignment Example On the basis of the relationship with the consumer, the company can capture new orders. This will give the ability to meet the requirement of customers and make the qualitative product. Price and delivery speed are also important factors that seem to be valuable in the stage of OEM. Prices and quick delivery are also a vital part of this market. At the stage of spares, competitive prices also have to set, and the delivery of the product must be fast and quick so to satisfy the customers. Demands of the customer can be change within the period it is essential to provide the product at the right time and reasonable price. It is also needed to focus on other sales that come during these two segments (Malaval & BÃ ©naroy, 2002). Automotive Market distribution of sales is in the way that 10 percent is covered by prototype, 60 percent by OEM and 30 percent by the spares. This market usually works in OEM stage at which the price and delivery of the product become more insightful. The aim is to decrease the cost of the product and produce within a specified time so control the inventory that is under production. This market is specialized in providing the services related to the product for quite long period. The company provides 12 weeks contracts with a material commitment for the same period. Price become less sensitive and demand become less predictable. The spare companies help in extending the relations with the customers. It will lead the product to be sold after the contracting period. Basically, this market will help to sell the product in the near future (Lipsyte, 2010). Industrial sales depend 10 percent on prototype, 45 percent on OEM and rest on spares. At the stage of prototype the orders are won on the quality of giving quick response to the inquiry of the customers. The proposal must include the reasonable price in accordance with the price of the identical product in the market. At OEM stage

Leasing assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leasing - Assignment Example To this regard, it is evident that United Parcel Service (UPS) is a company that incorporates both the capital or financial lease and the operating lease. The company has an aircraft that is as a result of a capital lease and since it is a long term lease the payment of the principal amount will be paid after 12 years (2009-2021) but some commitments associated with the lease of the aircraft has been legally defeased. Therefore, IAS 17 provides that United Parcel Service recognize the aircraft as both asset and liability at a value that is equal to the lower Present Value and the present value of MLP discounted at the leasers other use incremental borrowing rate (Oppermann 107). Additionally, the asset must be depreciated and with lease rentals paid, the organization must apportion between finance cost and a reduction in liability. The transaction is recorded as follows; The operating lease for UPS is considered to be the rental contract which is short term in nature. The leased asset and the liability associated with the asset are not included in the lessee balance sheet but the lessee may hold the same rights that the lessor holds (Oppermann 110). To determine whether the United Parcel Service have an operating and financial lease, various factors are taken into consideration such as the tax incentives and the non-tax incentives generated by the company under study. In the case of tax incentives if the company has a lower tax rate then the incentives will be classified as operating lease whereas if the tax rate is higher, then it is classified as a capital or financial lease. Another determinant factor of whether the company has both operating lease and capital lease is by the fact that it meets all the prerequisites associated with the operating and the capital lease. For UPS this fact is evidenced by the availability of the

A Teenage Girl Essay Example for Free

A Teenage Girl Essay I chose the scenario, A teenage girl is in love with her 17-year-old boyfriend. He is encouraging her to have sex with him saying that he will make sure they only have protected sex. This actually happens often these days with youth; they have the want to experiment a lot. There are five components in which wise judgments could be used. First, there is emotional intelligence which has four components; emotional perception and expression, emotional facilitation of thought, emotional understanding, and emotional management. Emotional perception and expression is the skill to recognize your own emotions and recognizing other emotionstoo. This component involves the ability to both express positive and negative emotions correctly as well. Being a teenage girl is hard;there are so many hard decisions to make. So almost every teen girl thinks she is in love at one point in her teenage life. It is like a must to have a boyfriend when you are a teen and the fact he is 17 years old really makes you seem it. You are not mentally stable when you have puppy love feelings, you do whatever to please this guy you love and when you are young you think that guy is in love with you. Being young you really dont know how to act on situations like this, you do what you think is right. When I was 14 years old I had a 17 year old boyfriend and wow, the way I acted was insane, I know now I was never in love. I did any and everything for him and now I look back and think, how could I let someone have so much control, but I was just so young, there were a lot of major decisions to make. On top of everything the encouragement from others is hard as well. If Emotional facilitation of thought came about in this teen girl, she could use her emotions to be more able to help with her decision-making. On the other hand, being a teen, she most likely is not emotionally mature. Emotional understanding is to have the ability to recognize emotions with words, to understand the cause and effect of the all different emotions as well have the ability to recognize the relationships between them. Understanding and sometimes have contradictory feelings and how they change over time is an important dimension of emotional intelligence. Personally this is the hardest to overcome when you are young your emotions are everywhere and your changing from a girl into a woman, the feelings and emotions are new to a young teen, I would say they are emotional and impulsive with no understanding. When you are young you think if youre in love then sex would come next, and so on. But when youre young you never see the consequences after your actions, they rather just act, and the consequences never come to a young ones mind. Finally, there is emotional management which is self-explanatory which is again hard for teens to achieve because all the emotions combined are overwhelming hard to take on. This makes it much easier for them to act impulsive especially when it comes to sex. The only thing that matters to a teen is what is happening now, not what they would see on the outside looking gin at themselves. The next component would be successful intelligence. Which it is known, successful intelligence you would think fine in three different ways: analytically, creatively, and practically. Creative thinking is more of a personal trait. I think the other two areas, would show ones maturity level. This scenario is an example of how teens really are; having sex at a young age is very common. Although with the decisions they make they do not think sensible, they think physically more so. Teens have a tendency to think irrational; it is a trait most all of them have. This girl is thinking how to make this guy she thinks she is in love with, happy, so she wont have boundaries for herself. If she loves him she will do almost anything for him because that is how teen girls think is love. The consequences arent ever an issue until after they act upon it. Wearing a condom does not completely protect you what so ever. Last but most definitely not least, there is wisdom itself. When being a wise individual one must be able to balance a variety of self-interests (intrapersonal) with the interests of other people (interpersonal) and of other aspects of the environment in which one lives (extra personal) such as ones environment. Wisdom is more of the outcome of what decision the girl would make. Dealing with her interpersonal interest would reflect on her interest in having sex or not having sex. Also, she would be dealing with how this decision would affect others around her including her boyfriends interest as well; mainly dealing with the consequences could eventually affect the interest of her family and friends. It will affect her environment and/or her extra personal interest counting on what decision the girl makes whether she has sex or not. If she chooses to not have sex it will affect because the guy might not want her and it will hurt her a lot emotionally. Also, she must stay away from the influences that surround her, she will get pulled right back in. If she were to have sex I am not sure she would enjoy the outcome very much, guys tend to get what they want and girls never get what they need, if I said that right it makes really good sense. There are also factors to balance when it comes to wisdom: balancing goals and interests, balancing short- and long-term interests, balancing responses to the environment context, and acquiring and using tactic knowledge. When balancing goals and interests, this teenage girl has to reason with the consequences of every single choice she makes in a situationsuch as this one. Also, looking at how it might affect her future goals, whether its long-term or short-term. I would say if she were to have sex possibly the condom breaks she could get an STD or even PREGNANT, which mess everything up mentally and emotionally for the bad. There is balancing short- and long-term interests as well. Teens never think before they act, having sex being the short-term, and the STDs being the long-term. There are so consequences that are faced with sex, it isnt even worth it, and really till you 100% understand the concept of it. Balancing a set comeback to the environment goes back to the outcome of her choices and situation. Not having sex with this guy will probably make him not want her in which being in the environment wouldnt be very healthy for her. Acquiring and using tactic knowledge, say she has good tactic knowledge, she would be able to have her boyfriend understand and explain the possible outcome. In which he will take in consideration, or agree with her. Now if she does not have good tactic knowledge than possibly she doesnt have much self control, I think personally. A teenage girl is in love with her 17-year-old boyfriend. He is encouraging her to have sex with him saying that he will make sure they only have protected sex. I have personally experienced this situation although today I would have not made that say desision. If I were to step back and look from the outside in, I would of seen what the was a head of me. Being wise is a good trait to have, in which most teens are not. But a wise one analyzes a situation have the knowledge of the bad that could come out of it. Also, seeing that patients are a virtue is also being wise in my eyes personally. Dont rush into things when youre young that is the problem with some people today like me, you experience everything, when the real time comes it isnt as special. Confusing ones emotions with their feelings is rather tough for teens. Dont risk the consequences; it is so not worth it. You have one but so many major decisions, make the wise decision, and always look at what the outcome could possibly be they are usually never worth it though. Having sex there is too many risks behind it, think before one acts, I would ask for advice if I knew what I knew now a days.

Organizational Behavior Essay -- Human Resources HR

Organizational Behavior This essay answers the following three questions: 1)Â  Compare Mr. Meyerson’s leadership style versus Mr. Perot’s based on the Michigan and Ohio state behavioral theories of leadership. 2) Utilizing Fiedler’s Contingency Theory of leadership, explain how either Meyerson’s or Perot’s style might be most appropriate based on specific characteristics of the situation at Perot Systems. 3) Evaluate the situation at Perot Systems from the point of view of the discussion on New Leadership. Employee centered supervisors are those who place strong emphasis on their concerned with getting the work done. Sometimes, the more general terms human relations oriented and task oriented are used to describe these alternative leader behaviors. Consideration and initiating structure are highly considerate leader is sensitive to people’s feelings, and much like the employee centered leader, tries to make things pleasant for his or her followers. In contrast, a leader high in initiating structure is more concerned with defining task requirements and other aspects of the work agenda; he or she might be seen as similar to a production-centered supervision. Meyerson’s concern was emphasis on profit at the expense of people. He believed that technology, customers, the market, and what people in organizations wanted from their work had all changed his previous times at EDS. Meyerson wanted to move Perot Systems toward a co...

Coffee Republic -Marekting Communications Plan Essay

1. Executive Summary Coffee Republic was founded in 1995 by Bobby and Sahar Hashemi, who noticed a market gap where they could sell their high quality product at an affordable price to customers wishing something more than just regular coffee and fast food offered by other high street chains(Hashemi S, 2001). At first the product was marketed in the UK only, but with the development of the brand, the company has managed to enter markets internationally in countries such as Saudi Arabia, United States of America, Romania, Ireland etc. Since Coffee Republic is not a typical coffee shop chain, but operates under three brands simultaneously: Coffee Republic, Coffee Republic Deli and Republic Deli, it is essential also to concentrate on the food selection. Food market is very specific and even a small mistake can lead to a great loss of customers. Recently, the company has collapsed into administration, blaming recession for its problems. Developing a marketing communications plan in order to reinvigorate Cof fee Republic as a brand will require the use a pull strategy that should focus on advertising strategy in several medias such as: radio or taxis and other marketing communications tools such as sponsorship. 2. Campaign Objectives. Marketing communications objectives typically refer to sales and/or to the goals the marketing communications have in affecting the mind of the target audience.(Pickton D., Broderick A. 2005). Rather than developing new products, that the company could introduce to the market, it is more important to deliver the essence of the brand to the audience. In other words, using the flow of information to reposition the brand in the mind of the consumer. With the budget of 1 million there is a need to develop a campaign targeted at a segment of ‘everyday consumer who is looking for a coffee to get them through the day’. The age of the consumer is 21-35 years and they are usually white collar workers with an average income of 20,000 pounds p.a. They also rely on public transport to get them to work, rather than on their private means of transport. Main Objectives of the campaign: a. To raise the awareness of Coffee Republic among the market of 21-35-year-old, males and females, white collar workers, with an income above 20,000 pounds p.a., and who rely on public transport to get them to work. b. To reposition the brand as one selling a gourmet and exclusive product, but also one, offering an exclusive product at an affordable price. c. To create strong brand values, so that the customer is aware of what it stands for and not for what it sells. d. To ensure that the food offer is distinct and differs from others’, in the mind of the consumer. e. To reinvigorate the Coffee Republic brand and stop it going out of business. Positioning: The market for Coffee shops and deli shops is very competitive and is characterized by companies and smaller entrepreneurs which operate on two sides of it. Either it is ruled by small independent retailers functioning on a local scale or bigger chains like Costa Coffee with large budgets, being able to set high standards and which the target audience seems to prefer more than chains such as Coffee Republic. Trying to fit into both of those markets is really difficult as it requires more financial input in order to develop both coffee and food offer. Coffee Republic is a company which does not qualify for either of those territories and the aim of the marketing communication plan would be to try and push it into the higher end in the hierarchy, so it can compete with larger developments. In order to compete and achieve the earlier established objectives, it will be essential to reposition the brand. Since the essence of positioning a brand or product is to differ it from the competitors in the mind of consumers (De Pelsmacker P., Guens M., Van de Bergh J 2001), it will be necessary to strengthen the role of food selection and to emphasize its meaning in the campaign in general. The company will have to start selling not only a great quality coffee but also add variety by offering a selection of meats, cheeses and other gourmet foods, but also provide not too complex lunch service, a few seats and tables for  the sit-down lunch crowd and take-out catering options including for example cold meat and cheese trays. What is more, the company will have to re-consider the location of their units. The ideal location for delis and coffee shops is in office districts, industrial malls and mall food courts, where the targeted audience of white collar workers could be approached. 3. Overall Creative Theme In order to gain the attention of 21-35-years-old white collar workers, relying on public transport, the message, that Coffee Republic will desire to deliver will have to be innovative and convincing. The general theme will have to remind the target audience of mouth watering food and delicious coffee available only in Coffee Republic retail units. Since the segment targeted is a group of young and middle aged people, probably aware modern fashions and newest trends, the clear statement of modernity will also need to be depicted along with an image of greatest value and high quality food and coffee available at an affordable price. The general creative idea would be to use more aggressive slogans that the target audience would find encouraging and at the same time robust. Slogans like: Have it OUR way!; Wake up to a smell of coffee!; HUNGRY? Have it our way!, would relay a clear and solid message, that the target audience will associate with simplicity but also with high quality of products offered. 4. Communications Strategy The promotional mix will be used in order to support the pull strategy. The combination of advertising strategy and sponsorship will be implemented in order to meet the established objectives. The advertising will have to take place in mainly in radio, general-interest magazines and taxis since the financial resources for the campaign are relatively small and the company can not afford television advertising. Although advertising can be seen as expensive in overall cost terms this has to be outweighed by the fact that many members of target audience can be reached (Pickton D., Broderick A. 2005). In the radio, it would be useful to use the voices of some well known celebrities, who could easily influence the target  audience and increase the interest among new, potential customers. Because the targeted audience relies on public means of transport while getting to work, it would be reasonable also to allocate some resources in small posters inside taxis and stickers including slogans on their sides. Since the company already has quite a well designed website, it would be useful to start advertising it elsewhere in the internet. To balance the radio advertising it would be a good idea to advertise the company on the radio’s website. The advantage of this is that many listeners frequently visit the website of the station they listen to and the target audience can be reached in two mediums simultaneously. In order to reach the target audience through national radio station, some kind of sponsorship may play an essential role in the campaign. Sponsoring a concert or a national event, would definitely be noticed through the media of national radio station. During the concert, symbols and logos of the company will be omnipresent and in that way, noticed by the target audience. a. Advertising Strategy Media: – Local Radio Stations: since radio advertising is considerably cheap, it would be worth to invest in that kind of promoting the brand. It reaches the biggest amount of potential customers-the target audience, at the lowest cost. Because the audience targeted is considerably young, the best station to advertise would be a national radio station, but since the financial resources for the campaign are quite small, the efforts will have to concentrate on large local radio stations, where the cost of a campaign will be much smaller. The best time to promote the company in the radio would be early morning, when most of the target audience wake up to work, or listen to the radio while working. In addition to the radio campaign, it would be worthwhile to promote the company on the websites of the radio stations. As mentioned before, it is a great opportunity to raise the awareness of the target audience through two mediums at the same time at a reasonable cost. The cost of small banners at the websites of the radio  stations should not be high and will be an effective supplement for the radio campaign. – Taxis: The reason for effectiveness of advertising the company on taxis is quite clear. The research shows that taxis spend more than 90% of their working time in town and city centers and because of that there is quite a big probability of the adverts displayed inside and on the sides being noticed by the target audience traveling to and from work. What is more, each taxi spends the average of 8 hours working in city centers, which provides the effectiveness of city billboards, which are much more expensive. With the budget available, the company will have a great opportunity to reach the city and town centers, where the target audience spends a lot of their time. – General-interest magazines: because of quite a small financial budget of the company, it can not afford to develop an effective internet advertising campaign, which would be a great solution in that case. However, in order to boost the campaign, the company can make a use of the medium of general-interest magazines. Advertising in magazines, quite often read by the target audience such as The Spectator, The Business Magazine or The Economist, but also in more general interest magazines such as Marie Claire or Cosmopolitan, will constitute a great and effective way of reaching the segment targeted. The main advantage of magazine advertising is that the production quality is high and as a result a more compelling branding advert can be designed. b. Sponsorship -sponsorship may be defined as a commercial activity, whereby one party permits another an opportunity to exploit an association with a target audience in return for funds, services and resources(Fill, 2002). In order to get noticed in the national radio stations, or even on television, it would be useful to sponsor an event or a concert, which usually gains a lot of attention of young people and enables the opportunity to get noticed by them. As mentioned before, that medium will ensure that the company logos  and posters will also be noticed during the event as well as before it takes place, during commercials promoting it. 5. Report Summary The evaluation of the marketing communication plan is very important in the whole process of the campaign. It is essential not to forget to measure the degree to which each part of the marketing communications plan has contributed to successful development of the campaign. With such approach, each part will have to be assessed according to different characteristics in order to observe the effectiveness of the campaign. Since the campaign concentrates on advertising strategy and sponsorship mainly, it will be necessary to measure the degree to which these two marketing tools have contributed to the general success of the campaign. Bibliography: Coffee Republic PLC (2007) Coffee Republic Annual Report, Rubicon De Pelsmacker P., Guens M., Van de Bergh J (2001) Marketing Communications, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited Hashemi S. (2007), Anyone Can Do it: Building Coffee Republic from Our Kitchen Table – 57 Real Life Laws on Entrepreneurship, Capstone Fill C. (2002) Marketing Communications: Contexts, Strategies and Applications, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited Fill C. (2007) Marketing communications : Engagements, Strategies and Practice, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited Pickton D., Broderick A (2005) Integrated Marketing Communications, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited

Spare Parts

Spare Parts In the United States, drinking and driving is a major concern in today’s society as about thirty-two percent of total traffic deaths involve alcohol (Hanson). To prevent people from driving under the influence, many slogans and advertisements are used mainly to encourage driving carefully. One advertisement made by the car manufacturer BMW is found in Public Interest Magazine and promotes safe driving with the message â€Å"Don’t Drink and Drive. † The visual in this advertisement is a bare right leg of a man and next to where it should be the left leg of the man is a prosthetic leg and foot.On the right side of the visual image the advertisement reads: â€Å"Spare parts for humans are not as original as those for cars. † At the bottom of the page it states, â€Å"Don’t Drink and Drive† along with the BMW logo. This BMW advertisement is an effective and reasonable way to prevent people from drinking and driving because it shows th e negative consequences of getting into an accident, such as losing a leg, and it promotes safe driving. In order to prevent people from drinking and driving, the car company BMW uses this advertisement to promote awareness of the dangers and negative outcomes.Many consequences can occur when the driver is not able to realize what is going on, drifts off the road, and gets into an accident. This BMW advertisement only shows one possible injury of an accident where the man in the visual has lost his leg and it was replaced by an artificial one. To promote the message â€Å"Don’t Drink and Drive,† this advertisement shows that it is extremely dangerous and can cause injury, amputation, and/or death. Some severe types of injuries can potentially cause people to lose their leg, other body parts or even a life as a result of a car accident.It affects the viewers who see this advertisement because they do not want to turn the picture into reality now giving them the choice o n whether to do the right thing and drive safely or not. From seeing this advertisement, it develops the primary appeal of pathos because it displays the emotion that one gets from seeing a person with one real leg and one prosthetic leg. After seeing this photo it makes the viewer think about the consequences of being under the influence and driving at the same time.Having an artificial leg will greatly disable a person where they become unable to do the things that they were able to do before the car accident. This holds true whether it was the person driving themselves or someone else driving, especially an innocent driver in another car. This advertisement proves that it is possible to replace car parts, but there is nothing one can do to replace body parts or even someone’s life. They will have to suffer the negative results of making the bad decision to drive drunk.Through showing a possible consequence, this advertisement is effective because people can relate to this problem if they have been injured or know someone who has been injured or has died from a drunk driving accident. It would make people make sure not to drink and drive because it would make the picture turn into reality and no one would want that. There is a possibility this can happen so it makes the advertisement extremely believable affecting anyone who was to come upon it. Another appeal is to logos through the quote that is displayed in the advertisement.It states, â€Å"Spare parts for humans are not as original as those for cars. † This statement is used to prevent the issue of drinking and driving as it means that human body parts are not as appealing as those that can be changed in cars, especially since parts of a human are impossible to re-manufacture. If there are spare parts on a car, it is hard to tell that there is a difference between the original and replacement parts. But when a human’s body parts are replaced by something else like an artificial or p rosthetic part, it is possible to tell the difference because it does not look like the original body part.It is important to know this because while driving, people are not only responsible for their own safety but of other peoples’ safety as well. They may cause someone other than themselves to become injured or hurt just because they made the bad decision to drive while intoxicated. This advertisement promotes safe driving through its simple and clean layout using a white background and simple black font. This technique is used to make consumers think the product being sold (which in this case is a car) is simple and clean as well which means that the car will be reliable and also safe.Even though BMW is selling their company and their car, they also show their awareness of drinking and driving. With this white background, it makes the image stand out on its own requiring viewers to focus primarily on the picture. After seeing the prosthetic leg, it will grab and keep peop les’ attention to get them to wonder what the advertisement is all about. Therefore they become encouraged to read the words to further understand what BMW is promoting because they believe it is necessary for people to be aware.By doing this, the advertisement focuses on the importance of the issue over what BMW is actually selling. This advertisement does not show the product purposely to show how much BMW cares about preventing drinking and driving. They are trying to persuade people to buy their cars since they are aware of the consequences of drinking and driving. BMW uses this advertisement to show that they are trying to prevent the issue of driving under the influence to gain the trust of the consumers. If the company is considered trustworthy, they will create a good reputation for their cars so that people will buy them.They want to show that their car is safe and reliable as well. When buying a car, consumers’ number one concern is usually the need to feel s afe. This is a way for them to gain customers appeal and hopefully they will buy BMW cars. Even though this car company wants to be able to sell to the general public, an especially meaningful message is intended for people who drive. This can be seen through the image, which is a human and it will affect people who see the advertisement because they will not want to end up with a prosthetic leg or any other body part.By promoting safety and proving that there are negative consequences of drinking and driving, BMW uses an advertisement to help people make the right decision when getting behind the wheel. They require people to take action so that they can prevent alcohol related car accidents from occurring because they are so fatal. People become aware that it is extremely dangerous to drink and drive through this advertisement because they know they would never want to have a prosthetic leg. BMW created an effective advertisement requiring people to stop and think about the realit y of drinking and driving and to hopefully make a good decision.

Ben Hur essays

Ben Hur essays Judah Ben-Hur is the main character in the movie Ben-Hur. He grows up in a wealthy and politically influential family who had everything they could possibly want. While still a young child, Judahs best friend, Messala, moved to Rome for education. As the years went by, Judah and Messala never forgot each other. But while in Rome, Messala grew to be a wicked man that would do anything or use anybody to gain social prominence. Ordered by the Emperor, Messala returned to his homeland to rule as a Tribune. Judah heard of Messalas return and met him as soon as he arrived. While talking with each other, they decide to see who can throw a javelin more accurately. Both men hit the same target and Judah interpreted this as a sign that Messala still considered them equal. Proving Romes ruthlessness, Messala only wanted to get information from Judah so that he could fulfill his orders of conquering the land. Through a long line of events, Messala condemned Judah because he refused to comply with Rome and turn in his friends. As a result, Judah ended up as a rower on a slave ship. During the three-year period where he was a slave at sea, he was ordered to row well and live or pay the penalty. Because Rome was so vindictive, anyone who wouldnt or couldnt follow orders would be put to death. Yet Judah did find compassion in one man, the captain of the fleet, who he quickly became friends with. During a battle with another fleet, Judahs ship was rammed and sank. While the majority of the slaves died, Judah escaped and saved the life of the captain. After floating on a piece of driftwood for a day, they were picked up by another Roman ship and discovered that their battle turned out to be a victory credited to the captain. Repaying Ben-Hur for his bravery, the captain adopted him when they returned to Rome. No longer a slave, Judah decided to return to his country and search for his moth...

How to Control Tent Caterpillars

How to Control Tent Caterpillars Eastern tent caterpillars, Malacosoma americanum, build unsightly silk tents in cherry, apple, and other landscape trees during early spring. The caterpillars feed on leaves of these host trees and may cause significant defoliation if present in large numbers. They can also be a nuisance as they tend to wander when theyre ready to pupate, making themselves at home on houses and decks. Make Sure Youve Really Got Tent Caterpillars First, be sure what you have are eastern tent caterpillars  and not another similar pest. Eastern tent caterpillars appear in early spring and build their tents in the crotches of tree branches. As their name suggests, fall webworms also build tents but theirs are located at the ends of branches, forming an envelope around the foliage. Some people confuse eastern tent caterpillars with gypsy moth larvae but gypsy moths do not construct tents and they usually appear a little later in spring than tent caterpillars. Prevention and Manual Controls for Tent Caterpillars If you have a few caterpillar tents in an apple or cherry tree, dont panic. Eastern tent caterpillars rarely infest ornamental trees in large enough numbers to kill landscape plants. Because they appear in early spring and complete their life cycle by summer, most of your host trees will have time to produce more leaves after initial defoliation. Pest control may not be necessary at all, however, if the infestation is overwhelming- or you just cant stand the sight of caterpillar tents in your trees- there are some things you can do to deter the invasion. To prevent tent caterpillars, the best defense can be a good offense. In the autumn, after the leaves have fallen, scout the branches of host trees for egg masses. Prune out any you find, or scrape them from the branches and destroy them. If you do find yourself facing an invasion, knowing your enemy can be the best way to rid yourself of them. Tent caterpillars rest inside their tents after they feed so you can actually remove them manually. When you notice a large group of caterpillars in the tent, use a stick or gloved hands to pull the tent from the branches, caterpillars and all. For a large tent, try winding the silk around a stick as you pull it from the tree. To eliminate the caterpillars, simply crush them or drop them in a pan of soapy water. In the past, people often set fire to caterpillar tents. However, since the practice does more harm to the tree than the caterpillars do, it is not recommended. Biological and Chemical Controls for Tent Caterpillars Young larvae may be treated with Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki, or  Bt, which is applied to the foliage of infested trees. Bt is a naturally occurring form of bacteria that interferes with the caterpillars ability to digest food. After the caterpillars ingest Bt, they stop eating immediately and die within a few days. You do not need to spray the tents or the caterpillars. Late-stage caterpillars, especially those that are already migrating to pupate, cannot be treated effectively with Bt. Some contact or ingestion pesticides work on eastern tent caterpillars as well. If you feel the infestation is sufficient to require this drastic an intervention, contact a pest control specialist in your area to ensure the safety of pets and wildlife.

ENG C292 Concrete Engineering & Durability of Concrete( Curriculum Essay

ENG C292 Concrete Engineering & Durability of Concrete( Curriculum BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL) - Essay Example (www.cowi.com, 20-). Since the concrete is fundamentally a man-made material, it is quite possible to control its characteristics and behavior by altering its mix design specifications and adding admixtures to it. Hence, by the careful selection of appropriate materials for preparing the concrete, and close monitoring of its curing once it has been cast, the qualities of concrete can be significantly enhanced to meet the requirements of a particular structure. There are certain design requirements associated with every location and type of a structure. If the structure is made of concrete, the concrete needs to be customized in order to combat the challenges brought to the structure by the weather conditions and temperature of a particular location. This needs an appropriate evaluation of the required properties of concrete by studying the literature for the history of challenges associated with a particular climate. Also, the achievement of required results requires monitoring the w hole process right from the start that involves concrete making, casting and finally the curing. Of these, the last two processes are majorly field-specific and require careful supervision from the workers in the construction site. The first part i.e. preparation of the mix design is the most influential process in achieving the desired durability in the concrete. This paper discusses the common methodologies used for the achievement of durability in concrete structures. Concrete has long been in use as a construction material for a large variety of structures including bridges. A number of long-lived concrete bridges have been constructed in the past. They include the Shakh Isa bin Salam Bridge in Bahrain and the bridge over the Lerez River at Pontevedra in Spain shown in the figure-1 and figure-2 below: In his report, (Paeglitis, n.d.: 1) has mentioned that more

Unit 3-IP- Theory & Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 3-IP- Theory & Policy - Essay Example The evolution of criminal profiling can be debated through varying opinions or points of view. The FBI‘s Behavioral Sciences Unit (BSU) is endorsed with the enhancement of criminal profiling. One should consider that the actual act of accessing a criminal’s mind can be traced back in history. In the past 30 years, it has become increasingly reliable and has gained high opinion from the media, society and professionals alike. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, John E.Douglas was among the most prominent criminal profilers of 20th century, and was among the very first to introduce this science of criminal profiling to the FBI (Turvey, 2011). John Douglas has been recognized with developing the present day art of criminal profiling. This was after his work with major criminals such as Edmund Kemper (Coed Killer), known for the murder of ten people, Richard Speck, who murdered eight nurses, and Charles Manson, a feared mass murderer. His work led to the opening of Behavioral Sciences Unit (BSU) of the FBI, which was vested with the responsibility of criminal profiling. Now retired, Douglas and his team were the first to introduce criminal profiling to the US justice system. Edgar Allen Poe is another person, who contributed immensely to the development of criminal profiling (Turvey, 2011). Important issues dealing with criminal profiling are seen in his literary works like â€Å"The Telltale Heart.† This is probably one of his most famous works. The Telltale Heart is the story of a murderer who keeps the body of his victim beneath the floorboard of his house, and after searching, the police find nothing. The murderer then slowly loses his sanity, because he kept hearing the heartbeats of his victim. Eventually, he turns himself in. Poe must have analyzed and understood the criminal mind, since the story is told from the murderer’s point of view. The final case study is that of Jack the Ripper, who was among the most infamous serial killers

Goal Seek and Solver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Goal Seek and Solver - Essay Example The miles per hour are constant, and Excel is goal seeking to determine the number of miles traveled. A data table is a collection of cells that display how changing certain value in worksheet formulas affects the result of those applied formulas. Data tables provide a shortcut for calculating multiple versions in one operation, and a way to view and compare the results of all of the different variations together on one's worksheet. Using the bicycle example again, one could create a table that summarizes the number of miles traveled at different speeds and different elapsed minutes traveled. Excel can save a set of values and substitute them automatically in a worksheet to allow one to forecast the outcome of a worksheet model. One can create and save different scenarios on a worksheet, and then switch to any of these scenarios to view different results. For the bicycle example, one could switch between two or more different number of miles traveled using combinations of different speeds and elapsed minutes traveled. Using solver, one can find an optimal value for a formula in a target worksheet cell. Solver works with a group of cells related to a target cell's formula (Paul 2005, p. xix). Solver changes the values of adjustable cells to produce the desired results one specifies in the target cell formula. One can also apply upper, lower, and exact constraints to restrict the values Solver can choose from to adjust the cells. Using the bicycle example again, one could determine the least and greatest possible number of miles traveled at a given speed and distance. Here's a summary of when one would use each of these tools: Use Goal seeker when one wants to find the correct single input value to achieve the desired single output value. Use Solver to find the best solution to problems that revolve around the manipulation of several changing cells, variables, and constraints (Paul 2005, p. xx). The productivity of electricity is causing profit deterioration. Is electricity being wasted Or is it due to a change in manufacturing process Is it possible to cut down the electric consumption without affecting the production If so, what should be the electricity consumption for it not to affect profitability negatively The answers to some of these questions can be determined by using the "Goal Seeker" and the "Solver" features of Excel. Goal Seeker and Solver features are found in the Tools means of Microsoft Excel. Goal Seeker is the opposite of What-if analysis. Using Goal seeker, we begin with the target value in a dependent cell and determine the correspondent value in the independent cell upon which the target cell is dependent. Goal seeker and solver can change independent cell values, but only Solver can change a range of cells and accept constraints, making it a powerful feature. It can also be used to solve complex optimization problem such as linear programming and integer programming problems. Following is a description of finding answers to some of the questions above: What should be the electricity consumption for it not to affect profitability negatively As shown in figure 2, the company is losing $748 because it is currently using 48,000 kWh of electricity. To reduce this loss to zero, go to Tools menu and choose Goal Seeker, and set cell Q15 (profitability of total energy) to zero, by changing

Examine The Legality Of Military Humanitarian Intervention International Law Essay

Examine The Legality Of Military Humanitarian Intervention International Law Essay The general prohibition on the use of force contained in Article 2(4)  [1]  of the UN Charter forms a cornerstone of public international law. That prohibition is subject to a very narrow category of exceptions, all of which arise from the right to self-defence codified in Article 51 of the UN Charter.  [2]  A more controversial exception to the use of force that has been claimed to arise as a rule of customary international law is that of humanitarian intervention. This essay looks at the arguments in support of the proposition that humanitarian intervention is now established in international law as a lawful exception to the general prohibition on the use of force and assertions against such a proposition. The theoretical debate Ever since the question of the legality of humanitarian intervention first arose, there has been both vocal support and opposition to it. Lauterpacht famously put forward the rationale behind humanitarian intervention. He stated that one had to go back to the purpose of the general prohibition on the use of force, and that was to ensure peace. He considered that ultimately, peace is more endangered by tyrannical contempt for human rights than by attempts to assert, through intervention, the sanctity of human personality.  [3]  He thus considered that humanitarian intervention was justified if a state committed atrocities against its citizens in such a way and to such a degree that it interfered with those citizens fundamental human rights. However, it has always been appreciated that there are problems with the very idea that a state would expend its own resources and risk its own security simply for the good of the citizens of another state. Such a view might be considered to be cynical, but there is no doubt that history has shown that whenever humanitarian intervention is claimed as the legal basis for military force in another country, it is mixed with other reasons why a state would military intervene in another state.  [4]  Furthermore, humanitarian intervention is often put forward as a basis for legality of force without the citizens of the state who have suffered the intervention asking for such intervention to take place.  [5]  One can therefore question the theoretical underpinnings of such intervention. This problem is only exacerbated when one considers that humanitarian intervention is intervention that is undertaken by states on a unilateral basis outside of the precepts of the Security Council. The purpose of setting up the United Nations and the Security Council was to provide for peace throughout the world and engage in military intervention when required, as authorised by the Security Council. The Security Council is thus authorised with powers under Chapter VII of the UN Charter that allows it to authorise military use of force in another country. In doing so, the Security Council is able to take into account the fact that a particular country is facing human rights violations at the hands of its government and/or leaders.  [6]  Thus for example, in 1991, when the oppressive government of Iraq being led by Saddam Hussein took disproportionate military action to repress the Iraqi civilian population, the Security Council passed Resolution 668 under Chapter 7 of the UN Cha rter demanding of Iraq to immediately end the repression and insist that it allowed access to international humanitarian organisations to enter Iraq.  [7]   Any force authorised by the Security Council may be politically contentious, but there is no doubt that it would be lawful under the rules of force in international law. Given that there is such a power in the Security Council, one would question why there was a need for humanitarian intervention.  [8]  Indeed, providing that there is a right for humanitarian intervention available to states that can be exercised independently of the UN and the Security Council would greatly undermine the function of the Security Council as the body entrusted with authorisation of military force.  [9]   Humanitarian intervention is thus a doctrine which has long been debated in the courts. The real debate lies however in the practical instances that have arisen in the past where humanitarian intervention has been alleged as a justification of force. The section below shall go on to analyse these practical instances and asses to what extent humanitarian intervention can be said to now be a norm of international law. Practical instances of humanitarian intervention One major problem that arises when assessing the legality of the doctrine of humanitarian intervention is that one must distinguish between instances where the doctrine is invoked in rhetoric and public relations only and instanced where humanitarian intervention is actually relied on as a legal basis for justifying use of force in another state. The latter is a lot rarer than the former. The problem however is that it is only the latter incidents that is actually evidence of state practise of the right to humanitarian intervention. One of the earliest incidents to deal with the concept of humanitarian intervention commented on by commentators was that of Indian action in Bangladesh. In early 1971, following subjugation to Pakistani rule, Bangladeshi nationals were rebelling and seeking to establish Bangladesh as an independent country. India provided extensive military aid to Bangladesh to allow this to happen, aid without which arguably Bangladesh would not have won the conflict. In public theoretic, India stated thats is actions were based on humanitarian intervention since the Bangladeshis were suffering human rights violations under Pakistani rule.  [10]  This was highly criticised however for the fact was that India in having long-standing conflict with Pakistan itself did have vested interests in helping Bangladesh gain independence.  [11]  Indeed, India did not go on to utilise humanitarian intervention as a legal basis for its action and sought to rely on the doctrine of self-defence instead.  [12]   This pattern was repeated in many more incidents that occurred. Tanzania intervened militarily in Uganda in 1979 to enable rebels there to overthrow the repressive leader Idi Amin.  [13]  In 1978 Vietnam invaded Cambodia stating that it wished to prevent Cambodia from suffering at the hands of its government. Both stated that they wished to help the citizens of the respective countries they intervened in. This was however continuously rejected by the international community, with France and the US specifically stating that human rights violations did not justify the use of force, thus clearly indicating that it was not accepted at that time that humanitarian intervention was considered to be a legal basis for intervention.  [14]   Chronologically, the next major incident of humanitarian intervention that took place was that of Australian intervention in East Timor. Rebels in East Timor seeking to establish it as in independent country were facing repression from the state of Indonesia resisting independence. Human rights violations in the situation ensued resulting in several UN Resolutions calling for peace and eventually in a UN referendum, the results of which indicated that the majority of people wished for independence. The Australian government thus took the lead in providing military assistance to East Timor to repel Indonesian presence and establish an independent state.  [15]  In doing so, the Australian government expressly relied on the right to humanitarian intervention.What must be pointed out however is that the UN was involved in that situation, and most commentators regard that the intervention in East Timor is more akin to an incident where the UN regulates force for purposes of humanitari an intervention rather than when the right is employed unilaterally by a state.  [16]  Thus, the intervention in East Timor was seen to be highly similar to the US intervention in Somalia in 1992 which had been acted upon only after the UN had specifically called for humanitarian intervention.  [17]   Perhaps the most famous incident of humanitarian intervention was that in Kosovo. Kosovo, now an independent country, used to be part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and consisted of a mix of ethnicities, with 90% being ethnical Albanians and the minority being Serbians. In the 1990s the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia started to break up with each different country announcing its independence. The state of Kosovo also suggested breaking off from the FRY, to regain the independence Kosovo once had before Yugoslavia was established in the first place. This was met by much resistance from the Serbians both in Serbia and in Kosovo. A regime of ethnic cleansing of the Albanians in Kosovo started to prevent the calls and efforts by those peoples to make Kosovo an independent country and one of the worlds worst conflicts started, with human rights violations reaching epidemic proportions.  [18]   This matter was brought to the attention of the Security Council, and on 31 March 1998 it adopted Resolution 1160,  [19]  which imposed an arms embargo on the FRY and called for it to work with the Kosovar Albanians to achieve a peaceful solution to the matter. Following this however the violence in Kosovo only intensified and Resolution 1199 was adopted which determined that the situation in Kosovo amounted to a threat to peace and security in the region.  [20]  The problem was however the presence of the veto in the Security Council. Every permanent member of the Security Council has the right to veto any Security Council resolutions made. Russia being a major part of the former Soviet Union that existed was highly reluctant to take any action further to the two resolutions already adopted against the FRY and indicated that it would use its veto if any resolution were attempted to be passed which authorised military measures to be taken against the FRY. There was little cha nce that the Security Council would therefore be able to take action in response to the situation that was ongoing in Kosovo.  [21]   As a result of this, NATO states came together to discuss military intervention in Kosovo. NATO declared that the FRY had not complied with Resolution 1199 and that NATO would therefore institute military action against Russia. Extensive military action was undertaken via an aerial campaign, attacking FRY forces both in Kosovo and in the FRY itself to attempt to stop the attacks that were taking place against Kosovo. The campaign commenced ion 23 March 1999 and did not end several months later, on 10 June 1999 when the FRY forces agreed to a case-fire and signed the military-technical agreement with NATO on 9 June 1999.  [22]   There was no doubt that the military action undertaken by NATO had been successful in bringing peace to the region. Despite the fact that there was no apparent basis at the time for military action, there was no international objection to the force used (other than by the states to whom the military action was targeted against). It was apparently accepted that the action undertaken by NATO was lawful.  [23]  From this, one can deduct that there must have been a valid theoretical underlying to the force taken. It was clear that the action was not authorised under the Security Council resolutions, for while the resolutions were relied on in justifying the military action undertaken, it was always accepted that the resolutions did not authorise military force and indeed did not attempt to do so because of the veto that would be exercised by Russia. There was no question that the Serb forces had carried out an armed attack against NATO countries or anyone in the region of NATO countries and so the doctrines of self-defence or collective self-defence could not be relied on. The only remaining doctrine that could have possibly justified the military force undertaken by NATO forces was therefore that of humanitarian intervention. Indeed, the situation in Kosovo appears to be the one that elevated the doctrine of humanitarian intervention from what was seen to be a less than credible basis of justification of use of force to one that was apparently widely accepted.  [24]   Thus commentators who point out that the doctrine was accepted as applying to the case of Kosovo point to the wide apparent acceptance of the international community that the acts of NATO in Kosovo were legal. In March 1999 the states of Belarus and Russia introduced a draft resolution to the Security Council which stated that the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia was illegal. This was rejected by a majority of 12 votes. In 1999, the UN Commission on Human Rights passed a resolution finding that the intervention by NATO had been lawful, with only Russia and Cuba (both communist states) finding against such a resolution.  [25]   Kosovo is therefore at least one incident where the right to humanitarian intervention was both relied on and appears to have been accepted. The difficulty lies in the fact that while the military action undertaken against Kosovo was considered to be morally justified, concerns continue to be expressed by academic commentators that the incident should not be seen to act as precedent, for doing so would effectively widen the category of exceptions that existed in relation to the use of force and undermine the well-established rules of Article 2(4).  [26]   Perhaps the next most famous incident where the right of humanitarian intervention was relied on, but one where the basis of such a right was considered to be much more contentious, was that of Iraq.  [27]  Coalition military intervention in Iraq in 2003 was one of the most contentious use of force that took place and the legality of the war continues to be debated to the current day. Different bases were offered by the coalition states that went to war at different times. Saddam Husseins brutal treatment of his people and the human rights violations that they had suffered were often pointed to when the rhetoric on whether a war should take place was entered into.  [28]  What is notable however was that although apparently doing so in the period preceding the war, neither the US nor the UK legally relied on the doctrine of humanitarian intervention to justify its war in Iraq. Rather, the UK relied on interpretation of Security Council resolutions while the US argued for the r ight of self-defence, both pointing to the fact that Iraq was in possession of weapons of self-destruction (an assertion which was later discovered to be invalid).  [29]  The fact that humanitarian intervention was not relied on despite the fact that Iraq was suffering a humanitarian catastrophe and had been for several years indicates that neither of the worlds leading states considered that the right to humanitarian intervention had established itself as a legal norm and would not, formally at least, be accepted by the international community as a bass for military intervention. Responsibility to protect The humanitarian intervention doctrine has evolved in recent times and international law has come to develop the responsibility to protect doctrine, often referred to as the R2P doctrine. The very existence of this doctrine supports the idea that humanitarian intervention is not only regarded as a moral justification of the use of force in states where human rights violations are being committed, but is a positive duty on the international community to act and intervene in states where there is inadequate respect for human rights. UN Secretary General Kofi Anan brought the tensions that were apparent behind the prohibition on the use of force in Article 2(4) and the fact that intervention was required as a result of increasing human rights violations that were seen around the world to the fore in 1999. At that date, the atrocities in Rwanda were being discussed by the international community, and the committee that had been set up to investigate how the genocide in Rwanda had taken place came back with reports attributing much blame to the UN for failing to take action in Rwanda in what was seen as a preventable genocide.  [30]  Annan therefore requested the General Assembly to answer the question of: if humanitarian intervention is, indeed an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should we response to Rwanda, to a Srebrenica to gross and systematic violations of human rights?.  [31]   The Canadian government in response to this question set up the ICISS. In 2001 the ICISS produced a report where the doctrine of the responsibility to protect was advanced.  [32]  In 2004, the High-Level Panel on threats, challenges and changes that had been set up by the UN secretary-General stated that the R2P doctrine was an emerging norm of collective international responsibility to protect.  [33]  The Secretary-General went on to endorse this finding. In a 2005 world summit, the R2P doctrine was expressly accepted and referred to.  [34]   Perhaps the most pertinent recognition of the R2P doctrine is that the Security Council specifically referred to the doctrine in Resolution 1674 (2006) when it was regarding the question of how civilians in armed conflicts should be protected.  [35]  The Resolution referred to the R2P doctrine as a doctrine of international law apparently conferring upon it a status of customary international law or otherwise. The problem with the fact that R2P now appears to be part of international law is the emergence of further questions, namely what the relationship of the doctrine of humanitarian intervention with the R2P doctrine is. Is the R2P doctrine simply any other way of describing humanitarian intervention? Or are the two concepts entirely different? If so, is humanitarian intervention subject to the doctrine of R2P? Debate on these questions commenced ever since the R2P doctrine was put forward and has ensued ever since. One might consider that the R2P doctrine is in fact simply another way of describing the doctrine of humanitarian intervention, and one that seeks to grant the doctrine a more elevated status. The language of responsibility no doubt confers more powers than the language of rights does for while the latter grants states discretion in whether to exercise the particular rights of concern, the former does not. If one were to accept such an argument, then the fact that R2P now appears to be a doctrine of international law means that humanitarian intervention is also a rule of international law and such intervention legalises use of force in other states. However, the ICISSs formulation of the R2P doctrine is on the basis that it is an entirely different concept to the doctrine of humanitarian intervention. The ICISS report thus stated that humanitarian intervention should not be seen to be the prime concern in the modern world where catastrophic human rights violations such as Rwanda were taking place. The Commission argued that there was a need for a new doctrine, which governed the need to intervene in the affairs of states who committed human rights violations. Such a doctrine should not be seen as a right to intervene that was granted to the intervening state, as humanitarian intervention might do, but rather as a responsibility on other states to intervene as a result of the right of the state that was suffering human rights violations to be protected.  [36]   R2P also introduced a new method of dealing with the concept of state sovereignty. As set out above, the doctrine of humanitarian intervention does not tie in well with the concept of state sovereignty, for it effectively allows a sate to intervene in another states affairs on the ground that the former state is of the opinion that the latter states treatment of its own citizen is in accurate. Such a concept can be seen to go against the very idea of equality of states in international law.  [37]  The R2P doctrine proposes to deal with this tension by proposing that the concept of state sovereignty to control its citizens with that of sovereignty as responsibility to protect its citizens. Once again, there was a shift from rights to responsibility. The R2P doctrine effectively re-characterises the conception of state sovereignty as one that is a right of governments to control their citizens, to one where there is a duty on governments to protect its citizens, and rights are gran ted to citizens to be protected. Where these rights were not being complied with and a government was not protecting its citizens and was in fact committing human rights violations against it, then the sovereignty to protect was not being effected and this sovereignty did not exist. As such, any exercise of the R2P doctrine through the use of military force would not contravene any idea of sovereignty.  [38]   Such a proposal can be commended for its view of the principle of state sovereignty. The fact is that the concept of state sovereignty and the idea that a state is able to control its citizens as it wishes is one that while remaining in theory can be seen not to have continued on an international basis. International law has long adjudicated to govern the relationship of a state and its individuals. A prime example of this can be seen to be in international human rights protections which essentially impose standards on states with regards to a states treatment of its citizens which must be complied with.  [39]  The very concept of the international community and of the United Nations necessitates a limiting of the concept of state sovereignty. The reformulation of the concept of state sovereignty from one which sees sovereignty as control to that to protect might be considered to be ingenious in that it resolves the theoretical tensions that exist between the right to military in tervention in states where human rights violations are committed and sovereignty of that state. However, the fact is that the concept of sovereignty as sovereignty to protect still poses the same problems that the traditional concept of state sovereignty controls: Sovereignty to protect allows a third state to intervene in a states matters when protection of citizens is not being undertaken adequately. Which state is to decide however when citizens protection is being undertaken adequately and when it is not? To what extent does the protection of citizens in a state have to be undermined before military action can be allowed in that state?  [40]   Thus, whether or not R2P is the same or a different doctrine to that of humanitarian intervention, the same difficulties that are faced by humanitarian intervention proponents remain, and perhaps the most major of these problems is the wide floodgates the idea of a responsibility to protect opens. Practical incidents have shown how in the past humanitarian intervention has wrongfully been used by states, often on a post-facto basis, to justify use of force and intervention in other states. The R2P doctrine in fact provides for a wider scope of humanitarian intervention for as pointed out above, a responsibility imposes a larger duty and therefore a larger scope of power on states to take action than a right to intervene does, and the R2P doctrine therefore arguably exacerbates the problem that humanitarian intervention traditionally faced. In this vein however it must be noted that the proponents of the R2P doctrine point out that unlike humanitarian intervention, the R2P would impose a duty on states to employ a wide range of measures, along a continuum, to regulate states behaviour. Thus the R2P doctrine envisaged that preventative measures should be used to prevent human rights atrocities, and duties included rebuilding societies that had been affected by human rights violations. Such a doctrine is therefore very commendable in theory.  [41]   Furthermore, it must be pointed out that the R2P doctrine apparently appears to have been envisaged to be utilised within the provisions of the Security Council rather than impose duties or rights on states to act on a unilateral basis to military intervene in other countries. If that is the case, then the R2P doctrine has not really helped towards resolving the questions surrounding humanitarian intervention at all.  [42]   Conclusion The above discussion has shown that there are many questions regarding the legality of humanitarian intervention in international law as a justification for use of force in another state. There is little doubt that in the past the doctrine was not regarded as a valid justification for the use of force. Thus the international community tended to reject attempts by states to justify use of force with the concept of humanitarian intervention, not least because such justification was often posed on an ex facto basis and was usually tied in with some other form of justification that was put forward. The position appeared to change however in the NATO intervention in Kosovo when the international world apparently accepted the legality of the action. The war in Iraq in 2003 however appeared to reverse the position once again, when attempts to rely on humanitarian protection were rejected almost from the outset and indeed the coalition states eventually went on to rely on other basses to jus tify the use of force that was undertaken. The doctrine of humanitarian intervention does have its proponents and certainly is a very attractive concept in international law. In the writers view however the dangers posed by the doctrine outweigh the advantages that it offers. The doctrine effectively widens the scope of exceptions that exist to Article 2(4) and allows states to unilaterally take force. This undermines not only the concept of state sovereignty but also the purpose of the United Nations and the Security Council as being relevant bodies to regulate international peace and security. The R2P doctrine that has been put forward as a doctrine of international law is in many ways preferable to that of humanitarian intervention. The R2P doctrine provides for rights of citizens rather than rights of states and importantly it envisages that military action will be undertaken by the Security Council rather than on a unilateral basis. The writer is therefore of the opinion that the R2P doctrine should be distinguished from the idea of humanitarian intervention R2P should be recognised as a principle of international law and one that allows the Security Council to take military action in state when required. It should not however be seen to extend the doctrine of humanitarian protection. Indeed it is the writers view that humanitarian protection does not exist as a legal right in international law, both in theory and in practise. The doctrine goes against all ideas of state sovereignty and against the prohibition of the use of force in general. Furthermore, states do not appear to have accepted that the doctrine is a norm of law. In this vein, the case of Kosovo can be considered to be an exception in international law.  [43]  In that case, the only reason the Security Council did not take action was because of the presence of the Russian veto, but otherwise there was international consensus that military action should